《Kutanthauzira Mwatsatanetsatane Njira Zogwirira Ntchito Zotetezedwa za Malo Oyimitsa Machining》
I. Chiyambi
Monga zida zopangira makina olondola kwambiri komanso apamwamba, makina oyimirira amathandizira kwambiri pakupanga kwamakono. Komabe, chifukwa cha liwiro lake lothamanga kwambiri, kulondola kwambiri kwa makina komanso kuphatikizira machitidwe ovuta amakanika ndi magetsi, pali zoopsa zina zachitetezo panthawi yantchito. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kutsatira mosamalitsa njira zoyendetsera ntchito zotetezeka. Zotsatirazi ndikutanthauzira mwatsatanetsatane komanso kusanthula mozama kwa njira iliyonse yotetezeka yogwirira ntchito.
II. Specific Safe Njira Zogwirira Ntchito
Tsatirani njira zotetezeka zogwirira ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito ogaya ndi otopetsa. Valani zolemba zoteteza ntchito ngati mukufunikira.
Njira zotetezeka zogwirira ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito mphero ndi otopetsa ndiye njira zodzitetezera zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi machitidwe a nthawi yayitali. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuvala zipewa zotetezera, magalasi otetezera, magolovesi otetezera, nsapato zotsutsana ndi zotsatira, ndi zina zotero. Zipewa zotetezera zimatha kuteteza mutu kuti usavulazidwe ndi zinthu zakugwa kuchokera pamwamba; magalasi oteteza maso amatha kuteteza maso kuti asavulazidwe ndi splashes monga tchipisi tachitsulo ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi yokonza; magolovesi oteteza amatha kuteteza manja kuti asatengedwe ndi zida, m'mphepete mwa workpiece, etc. panthawi ya ntchito; Nsapato zotsutsana ndi zotsatira zimatha kuteteza mapazi kuti asavulazidwe ndi zinthu zolemera. Zolemba zachitetezo cha ogwira ntchitozi ndi njira yoyamba yodzitetezera kwa ogwira ntchito pamalo ogwirira ntchito, ndipo kunyalanyaza zilizonse kungayambitse ngozi zovulala kwambiri.
Onani ngati maulumikizidwe a chogwirira ntchito, switch, knob, fixture mechanism ndi hydraulic piston ali pamalo olondola, ngati ntchitoyo ndi yosinthika, komanso ngati zida zachitetezo ndizokwanira komanso zodalirika.
Malo olondola a chogwirira ntchito, chosinthira ndi knob chimatsimikizira kuti zida zitha kugwira ntchito molingana ndi momwe akuyembekezeredwa. Ngati zigawozi sizili m'malo oyenera, zitha kuyambitsa zida zachilendo komanso kubweretsa ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chogwirira ntchito chili molakwika, chingayambitse chida kudyetsa pamene sichiyenera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti workpiece scraping kapena kuwonongeka kwa chida cha makina. Kulumikizana kwa makina opangira zida kumakhudza mwachindunji kugunda kwa workpiece. Ngati fixture ndi lotayirira, workpiece akhoza anasamutsidwa pa ndondomeko Machining, amene osati kukhudza kulondola Machining, komanso zingachititse zinthu zoopsa monga chida kuwonongeka ndi workpiece akuwuluka. Kulumikizana kwa pistoni ya hydraulic ndikofunikanso chifukwa kumagwirizana ndi ngati makina a hydraulic a zida amatha kugwira ntchito bwino. Ndipo zida zotetezera, monga mabatani oyimitsa mwadzidzidzi ndi zotchingira zitseko zoteteza, ndiye zida zofunika kwambiri zowonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito ali otetezeka. Zida zonse zotetezeka komanso zodalirika zimatha kuyimitsa zidazo mwachangu kuti zipewe ngozi.
Onani ngati pali zopinga mkati mwa njira yoyendetsera bwino ya axis iliyonse ya likulu la makina osunthika.
Malo opangira makina asanayambe kugwira ntchito, mayendedwe amtundu uliwonse (monga X, Y, Z, ndi zina) ayenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala. Kukhalapo kwa zopinga zilizonse kungalepheretse kuyenda bwino kwa nkhwangwa zogwirizanitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulemetsa komanso kuwonongeka kwa ma axis motors, komanso kupangitsa kuti nkhwangwazo zipatuke panjira yomwe idakonzedweratu ndikuyambitsa kulephera kwa zida zamakina. Mwachitsanzo, pakutsika kwa Z - axis, ngati pali zida zodetsedwa kapena zogwirira ntchito pansipa, zitha kuyambitsa zowopsa monga kupindika kwa Z - axis lead screw ndi kuvala kwa njanji yowongolera. Izi sizidzangokhudza kulondola kwa makina a makina, komanso kuonjezera mtengo wokonza zipangizo ndikuyika chiwopsezo ku chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito.
Ndizoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito chida cha makina kuposa momwe chimagwirira ntchito. Sankhani wololera kudula liwiro ndi mlingo chakudya malinga workpiece zakuthupi.
Lililonse ofukula Machining likulu ali ndi magawo ake opangidwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo pazipita Machining kukula, mphamvu pazipita, pazipita kasinthasintha liwiro, pazipita mlingo chakudya, etc. Kugwiritsa ntchito makina chida kupyola ntchito yake adzapanga mbali iliyonse ya makina chida kunyamula katundu kupitirira kamangidwe osiyanasiyana, chifukwa mu mavuto monga kutenthedwa kwa galimoto, kuchuluka kuvala kwa wononga kutsogolera, ndi mapindikidwe a njanji kalozera. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kusankha wololera kudula liwiro ndi mlingo chakudya malinga workpiece zakuthupi ndi chinsinsi kuonetsetsa Machining khalidwe ndi kuwongolera Machining Mwachangu. Zida zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi makina osiyanasiyana monga kuuma ndi kulimba. Mwachitsanzo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakudula liwiro ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya mukamapanga zitsulo zotayidwa ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. Ngati liwiro lodulira liri lothamanga kwambiri kapena kuchuluka kwa chakudya kuli kokulirapo, kungapangitse kuti zida ziwonjezeke, kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, komanso kusweka kwa zida ndikuphwanyidwa.
Mukatsitsa ndikutsitsa zida zolemetsa, chida choyenera chonyamulira ndi njira yonyamulira iyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi kulemera ndi mawonekedwe a chogwiriracho.
Kwa zolemetsa zogwirira ntchito, ngati chida choyenera chonyamulira ndi njira yonyamulira sichinasankhidwe, pangakhale ngozi yoti workpiece imagwa panthawi yotsitsa ndi kutsitsa. Malingana ndi kulemera kwa workpiece, zosiyana siyana za cranes, hoist magetsi ndi zipangizo zina zonyamulira zingasankhidwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mawonekedwe a workpiece adzakhudzanso kusankha zipangizo zonyamulira ndi njira zokweza. Mwachitsanzo, pazantchito zokhala ndi mawonekedwe osakhazikika, zida zapadera kapena zida zonyamulira zokhala ndi malo okweza angapo zitha kufunikira kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika komanso kukhazikika kwa chogwirira ntchito panthawi yokweza. Panthawi yokweza, wogwira ntchitoyo akuyeneranso kumvetsera zinthu monga kunyamula mphamvu ya chipangizo chonyamulira komanso mbali ya gulaye kuti atsimikizire chitetezo cha ntchito yokweza.
Pamene spindle yapakati makina opindika ikuzungulira ndikusuntha, ndizoletsedwa kukhudza chopondera ndi zida zomwe zimayikidwa kumapeto kwa spindle ndi manja.
Pamene nsongayo ikuzungulira ndi kuyenda, liwiro lake limakhala lachangu kwambiri, ndipo zida nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuthwa kwambiri. Kukhudza spindle kapena zida ndi manja n'zotheka kwambiri kuchititsa zala kukhala 卷入 ndi spindle kapena kudula ndi zida. Ngakhale pakakhala liwiro lowoneka ngati lotsika, kuzungulira kwa ulusi ndi mphamvu yodulira zida zimathabe kuvulaza thupi la munthu. Izi zimafuna kuti wogwiritsa ntchitoyo azikhala ndi mtunda wokwanira wachitetezo panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zida ndikutsatira mosamalitsa njira zogwirira ntchito, ndipo osayika pachiwopsezo chokhudza chopondera ndi zida ndi manja chifukwa cha kunyalanyaza kwakanthawi.
Mukasintha zida, makinawo ayenera kuyimitsidwa kaye, ndipo m'malo mwake amatha kuchitidwa pambuyo potsimikizira. Chisamaliro chiyenera kulipidwa pakuwonongeka kwa m'mphepete mwa m'malo.
Kusintha kwa zida ndi ntchito yodziwika bwino pamakina, koma ngati sikuyendetsedwa bwino, kumabweretsa ngozi zachitetezo. Kusintha zida m'malo oimitsidwa kumatha kutsimikizira chitetezo cha wogwiritsa ntchito ndikupewa chidacho kuti chisapweteke anthu chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwadzidzidzi kwa spindle. Pambuyo potsimikizira kuti makinawo ayima, wogwira ntchitoyo akuyeneranso kumvetsera malangizo ndi malo odulira m'mphepete mwake pamene akusintha zida kuti zisawononge dzanja. Kuphatikiza apo, mutatha kusintha zidazo, zidazo ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa moyenera ndipo kuchuluka kwa zida zomangirira kumafunika kuyang'aniridwa kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zida sizikhala zotayirira panthawi yopanga makina.
Ndizoletsedwa kuponda panjanji yowongolera ndikupenta pamwamba pa zida kapena kuyika zinthu. Ndizoletsedwa kugogoda kapena kuwongola zida zogwirira ntchito pa benchi.
Sitima yapamtunda yowongolera zida ndi gawo lofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kusuntha kolondola kwa ma axes ogwirizanitsa, ndipo kufunikira kwake kolondola ndikokwera kwambiri. Kuponda pamwamba pa njanji yowongolera kapena kuyika zinthu pamenepo kumawononga kulondola kwa njanji yowongolera ndikukhudza kulondola kwa makina a makina. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, utoto wa utoto sikuti umangothandiza kukongoletsa, komanso umakhala ndi chitetezo china pazida. Kuwononga utoto kungayambitse mavuto monga dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri la zida. Kugogoda kapena kuwongola ma workpieces pa workbench sikuloledwa, chifukwa kungawononge flatness ya workbench ndi kukhudza Machining kulondola kwa workpiece. Kuonjezera apo, mphamvu yowonongeka yomwe imapangidwa panthawi yogogoda imatha kuwononganso mbali zina za chida cha makina.
Pambuyo polowetsa pulogalamu yopangira makina atsopano, kulondola kwa pulogalamuyo kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa, komanso ngati pulogalamu yoyeserera ndiyolondola. Kuchita mozungulira mozungulira sikuloledwa popanda kuyesa kupewa kulephera kwa zida zamakina.
The Machining pulogalamu ya workpiece latsopano akhoza kukhala ndi zolakwika mapulogalamu, monga zolakwa syntax, kugwirizanitsa mtengo zolakwa, njira zolakwa chida, etc. Ngati pulogalamu si kufufuzidwa ndi kayeseleledwe kuthamanga si ikuchitika, ndi mwachindunji basi basi mkombero ntchito ikuchitika, zingayambitse mavuto monga kugunda pakati pa chida ndi workpiece, pa - kuyenda kwa nkhwangwa coordinate, ndi makina olakwika. Powona kulondola kwa pulogalamuyo, zolakwika izi zitha kupezeka ndikuwongoleredwa munthawi yake. Kufananiza pulogalamu yoyendetsa kumapangitsa wogwiritsa ntchito kuyang'ana kayendedwe ka chida asanayambe makina enieni kuti atsimikizire kuti pulogalamuyi ikukwaniritsa zofunikira za makina. Pokhapokha mutayang'ana mokwanira ndikuyesa ndikutsimikizira kuti pulogalamuyo ndi yolondola ndizotheka kuti ntchito yozungulira yodziwikiratu ichitike kuonetsetsa chitetezo ndi kusalala kwa njira yopangira makina.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito chogwirizira chamutu choyang'ana pamutu wodulira munthu, kapamwamba kotopetsa kamayenera kubwezeredwa koyamba pamalo a zero, kenako ndikusinthidwa kupita kumutu woyang'ana mu mawonekedwe a MDA ndi M43. Ngati U - axis ikufunika kusuntha, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti U - axis manual clamping device yamasulidwa.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chida cha radial chamutu choyang'ana chiyenera kuchitidwa mosamalitsa motsatira ndondomeko zomwe zafotokozedwa. Kubwezeretsanso bala yotopetsa pamalo a zero kaye kungapewe kusokonezedwa mukasinthana ndi mutu womwe wayang'ana. Mawonekedwe a MDA (Manual Data Input) ndi njira yopangira pamanja ndikuchita ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo a M43 kuti musinthe mawonekedwe amutu ndi njira yopangira zida zomwe zidanenedwa. Pakuyenda kwa U - axis, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti chida cha U - axis manual clamping chamasulidwa, chifukwa ngati chipangizo cholumikizira sichimamasulidwa, chikhoza kuyambitsa zovuta kusuntha olamulira a U - komanso kuwononga njira yopatsira axis ya U -. Kukhazikitsa mosamalitsa kwa masitepe opareshoni kungathe kuwonetsetsa kuti chogwiritsira ntchito chida cha radial choyang'ana pamutu ndikuchepetsa kulephera kwa zida ndi ngozi zachitetezo.
Pakafunika kutembenuza benchi yogwirira ntchito (B - axis) panthawi yogwira ntchito, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti sizingagwirizane ndi mbali zina za makina opangira makina kapena zinthu zina kuzungulira chida cha makina panthawi yozungulira.
Kuzungulira kwa benchi (B - axis) kumaphatikizapo kusuntha kwakukulu. Zikawombana ndi zida zina zamakina kapena zinthu zozungulira panthawi yozungulira, zitha kuwononga benchi ndi magawo ena, komanso kukhudza kulondola kwathunthu kwa chida cha makina. Asanazungulire benchi yogwirira ntchito, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa malo ozungulira ndikuwunika ngati pali zopinga. Pazinthu zina zovuta zamakina, pangakhale kofunikira kuchita zoyeserera kapena kuyeza pasadakhale kuti mutsimikizire malo otetezeka ozungulira benchi.
Panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito makina ozungulira, ndizoletsedwa kukhudza madera ozungulira zitsulo zozungulira, ndodo yosalala, spindle ndi mutu woyang'ana, ndipo wogwiritsa ntchitoyo asakhale pazigawo zosuntha za chida cha makina.
Madera ozungulira sikona wozungulira wotsogolera, ndodo yosalala, ulusi wopota ndi mutu woyang'ana ndi malo oopsa kwambiri. Ziwalozi zimakhala ndi liwiro lalikulu komanso mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic panthawi yochita opaleshoni, ndipo kuzigwira kumatha kuvulaza kwambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, palinso zoopsa pazigawo zosuntha za chida cha makina panthawi ya ntchito. Ngati wogwira ntchitoyo akukhalabe pa iwo, akhoza kugwidwa pamalo owopsa ndi kayendetsedwe ka ziwalozo kapena kuvulazidwa ndi kufinya pakati pa zigawo zosuntha ndi zina zokhazikika. Choncho, panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito chida cha makina, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo ayenera kukhala kutali ndi malo oopsawa kuti atsimikizire kuti ali ndi chitetezo.
Panthawi yogwira ntchito ya vertical Machining Center, wogwiritsa ntchito saloledwa kuchoka pamalo ogwirira ntchito popanda chilolezo kapena kupatsa ena kuti azisamalira.
Pakugwiritsa ntchito chida cha makina, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilendo zimatha kuchitika, monga kuvala kwa zida, kumasula zida, komanso kulephera kwa zida. Ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo achoka pamalo ogwirira ntchito popanda chilolezo kapena kupatsa ena kuti azisamalira, zitha kuchititsa kuti alephere kuzindikira ndi kuthana ndi zovutazi munthawi yake, zomwe zimapangitsa ngozi zazikulu zachitetezo kapena kuwonongeka kwa zida. Wogwira ntchitoyo ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa momwe makina amagwirira ntchito nthawi zonse ndikuchitapo kanthu pazochitika zilizonse zachilendo kuti atsimikizire chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwa makina.
Pamene zochitika zachilendo ndi phokoso zikuchitika panthawi ya makina opangira makina, makinawo ayenera kuyimitsidwa nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa chake chiyenera kuzindikiridwa, ndipo chiyenera kuchitidwa panthawi yake.
Zochitika zosazolowereka ndi phokoso nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyambira za kuwonongeka kwa zida. Mwachitsanzo, kugwedezeka kwachilendo kungakhale chizindikiro cha kuvala kwa zida, kusalinganiza kapena kumasula zida za makina; phokoso laukali likhoza kukhala chiwonetsero cha mavuto monga kunyamula kuwonongeka ndi kusauka kwa zida za meshing. Kuyimitsa makina nthawi yomweyo kungalepheretse kulephera kukulitsa ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi ngozi zachitetezo. Kupeza chifukwa chake kumafuna kuti wogwiritsa ntchitoyo akhale ndi chidziwitso ndi chidziwitso chokonzekera zida, ndikupeza chomwe chimayambitsa kulephera mwa kuyang'anitsitsa, kuyang'anira ndi njira zina, ndikuthana nazo panthawi yake, monga kusintha zida zowonongeka, kulimbitsa ziwalo zotayirira, ndikusintha mayendedwe owonongeka.
Pamene bokosi la spindle ndi workbench ya chida cha makina ali pafupi kapena pafupi ndi malo oletsa kuyenda, woyendetsa sayenera kulowa m'madera otsatirawa:
(1) Pakati pa pansi pa bokosi la spindle ndi thupi la makina;
(2) Pakati pa tsinde lotopetsa ndi chogwirira ntchito;
(3) Pakati pa tsinde wotopetsa pamene anawonjezera ndi makina thupi kapena workbench pamwamba;
(4) Pakati pa benchi yogwirira ntchito ndi bokosi la spindle panthawi yosuntha;
(5) Pakati pa mbiya yakumbuyo yamchira ndi khoma ndi thanki yamafuta pamene tsinde loboola likuzungulira;
(6) Pakati pa workbench ndi mzati kutsogolo;
(7) Malo ena omwe angayambitse kufinya.
Zigawo izi za chida cha makina zili pafupi kapena pafupi ndi malo oletsa kuyenda, maderawa adzakhala oopsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, danga pakati pa pansi pa bokosi la spindle ndi thupi la makina likhoza kuchepa mofulumira panthawi ya kayendetsedwe ka bokosi la spindle, ndipo kulowa m'derali kungayambitse woyendetsa; pali zoopsa zofanana m'madera pakati pa tsinde wotopetsa ndi workpiece, pakati pa tsinde wotopetsa pamene anatambasula ndi makina thupi kapena workbench pamwamba, etc. woyendetsa ayenera nthawi zonse kulabadira maudindo a mbali zimenezi, ndi kupewa kulowa m'madera oopsa amenewa pamene iwo ali pafupi ndi zoyenda malire malo kupewa ngozi munthu kuvulala.
Mukatseka malo opangira makina, benchi yogwirira ntchito iyenera kubwezeredwa ku malo apakati, bar yotopetsa iyenera kubwezeredwa, ndiye kuti makina ogwiritsira ntchito ayenera kuchotsedwa, ndipo pamapeto pake magetsi ayenera kudulidwa.
Kubwezera benchi yogwirira ntchito ku malo apakati ndikubwezeretsanso bar yotopetsa kumatha kuonetsetsa kuti zida zili pamalo otetezeka zikadzayambika nthawi ina, kupewa zovuta zoyambira - mmwamba kapena ngozi zogundana chifukwa cha benchi yogwirira ntchito kapena bala yotopetsa yomwe ili pamalire. Kutuluka mu opaleshoni dongosolo akhoza kuonetsetsa kuti deta mu dongosolo wasungidwa molondola ndi kutayika deta kupewedwa. Potsirizira pake, kudula magetsi ndi sitepe yomaliza yotseka kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zipangizozo zimasiya kugwira ntchito ndi kuthetsa zoopsa za chitetezo cha magetsi.
III. Chidule
Njira zogwirira ntchito zogwirira ntchito zapakati pa makina osunthika ndizofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti zida zikuyenda bwino, chitetezo chaogwiritsa ntchito komanso mtundu wa makina. Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kumvetsetsa ndikutsata ndondomeko iliyonse yotetezeka, ndipo palibe tsatanetsatane kuyambira kuvala zolemba zoteteza ogwira ntchito kupita ku zida zomwe zinganyalanyazidwe. Ndi njira iyi yokha yomwe ubwino wa makina opangira makina osunthika ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira, kupanga bwino, komanso ngozi zachitetezo zidzapewedwe nthawi yomweyo. Mabizinesi akuyeneranso kulimbikitsa maphunziro a chitetezo kwa ogwira ntchito, kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso cha chitetezo ndi luso la ogwira ntchito, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mabizinesi atetezedwa ndi chitetezo komanso phindu la zachuma.