《Njira Zothetsera Kuthamanga kwa CNC Machine Tools》
Zida zamakina a CNC zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga mafakitale amakono. Komabe, vuto la oscillation nthawi zambiri limavutitsa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi opanga. Zifukwa oscillation wa CNC makina zida ndi zovuta. Kuphatikiza pazifukwa zambiri monga mipata yosachotseka yopatsirana, mapindikidwe otanuka, komanso kukana kwamakina pamakina, chikoka cha magawo ofunikira a dongosolo la servo ndichinthu chofunikiranso. Tsopano, wopanga zida zamakina a CNC adzafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane njira zothetsera kugwedezeka kwa zida zamakina a CNC.
I. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuzungulira kwa malo
Proportional-integral-derivative controller ndi multifunctional controller yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazida zamakina za CNC. Sizingangopindula molingana ndi ma siginecha apano ndi ma voliyumu komanso kusintha kutsalira kapena kutsogolera vuto la siginecha yotulutsa. Zolakwika za oscillation nthawi zina zimachitika chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kapena kutsogola kwa zomwe zimatuluka komanso magetsi. Panthawiyi, PID ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha gawo la zomwe zikuchitika panopa komanso magetsi.
Kupindula kwa malo ozungulira ndi gawo lofunikira pamakina owongolera a zida zamakina a CNC. Pamene kupindula kwa malo ozungulira kumakhala kwakukulu, makinawa amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zolakwika za malo ndipo amatha kuyambitsa oscillation. Kuchepetsa kupindula kwa malo ozungulira kungachepetse liwiro la kuyankha kwa dongosolo ndipo motero kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa oscillation.
Mukasintha kupindula kwa loop, imayenera kukhazikitsidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa chida cha makina ndi zofunikira pakukonza. Nthawi zambiri, kupindula kwa kuzungulira kwa malo kumatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala otsika kwambiri, kenako kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono poyang'ana ntchito ya chida cha makina mpaka mtengo wokwanira womwe ungakwaniritse zofunikira pakukonza ndikupewa kugwedezeka.
Proportional-integral-derivative controller ndi multifunctional controller yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazida zamakina za CNC. Sizingangopindula molingana ndi ma siginecha apano ndi ma voliyumu komanso kusintha kutsalira kapena kutsogolera vuto la siginecha yotulutsa. Zolakwika za oscillation nthawi zina zimachitika chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kapena kutsogola kwa zomwe zimatuluka komanso magetsi. Panthawiyi, PID ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha gawo la zomwe zikuchitika panopa komanso magetsi.
Kupindula kwa malo ozungulira ndi gawo lofunikira pamakina owongolera a zida zamakina a CNC. Pamene kupindula kwa malo ozungulira kumakhala kwakukulu, makinawa amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zolakwika za malo ndipo amatha kuyambitsa oscillation. Kuchepetsa kupindula kwa malo ozungulira kungachepetse liwiro la kuyankha kwa dongosolo ndipo motero kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa oscillation.
Mukasintha kupindula kwa loop, imayenera kukhazikitsidwa molingana ndi mtundu wa chida cha makina ndi zofunikira pakukonza. Nthawi zambiri, kupindula kwa kuzungulira kwa malo kumatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala otsika kwambiri, kenako kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono poyang'ana ntchito ya chida cha makina mpaka mtengo wokwanira womwe ungakwaniritse zofunikira pakukonza ndikupewa kugwedezeka.
II. Kusintha kwa parameter kwa servo system yotsekedwa
Semi-closed-loop servo system
Machitidwe ena a CNC servo amagwiritsa ntchito zida zotsekedwa-loop. Mukakonza semi-closed-loop servo system, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti semi-closed-loop system sikuyenda. Popeza dongosolo la servo lotsekedwa kwathunthu limapanga kusintha kwa parameter poganiza kuti dongosolo lake lapakati-lotsekedwa ndi lokhazikika, awiriwa ali ofanana ndi njira zosinthira.
Dongosolo la semi-otsekeka-loop servo mosadukiza limapereka chidziwitso cha malo a chida cha makina pozindikira mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena liwiro la mota. Pokonza ma parameters, zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kutsatiridwa:
(1) Magawo a loop yothamanga: Zokonda pa liwiro la loop ndi kukhazikika kwa nthawi zonse zimakhudza kwambiri kukhazikika ndi kuyankha kwadongosolo. Kuthamanga kwambiri kwa loop kumabweretsa kuyankha mwachangu kwambiri ndipo kumakonda kupanga oscillation; pomwe nthawi yayitali kwambiri yokhazikika imachedwetsa kuyankha kwadongosolo ndikukhudza magwiridwe antchito.
(2) Malo ozungulira magawo: Kusintha kwa kupindula kwa malo ozungulira ndi magawo a fyuluta kungapangitse kulondola kwa malo ndi kukhazikika kwa dongosolo. Kupeza malo okwera kwambiri kungayambitse kugwedezeka, ndipo fyulutayo imatha kusefa phokoso lapamwamba kwambiri pamawunidwe oyankha ndikuwongolera kukhazikika kwadongosolo.
Makina a servo otsekedwa kwathunthu
Dongosolo la servo lotsekedwa kwathunthu limazindikira kuwongolera kolondola kwa malo pozindikira mwachindunji malo enieni a chida cha makina. Pokonza dongosolo la servo lotsekedwa kwathunthu, magawo ayenera kusankhidwa mosamala kwambiri kuti atsimikizire kukhazikika ndi kulondola kwa dongosolo.
Kusintha kwa magawo a servo yotsekedwa kwathunthu kumaphatikizapo izi:
(1) Kupindula kwa malo ozungulira: Mofanana ndi makina otsekedwa-loop, kupindula kwakukulu kwa malo ozungulira kumapangitsa kuti mukhale oscillation. Komabe, popeza dongosolo lotsekedwa kwathunthu limazindikira zolakwika za malo molondola, kupindula kwa malo ozungulira kungakhazikitsidwe kwambiri kuti kukhale kolondola kwa dongosolo.
(2) Magawo othamanga a loop: Zokonda pakupeza liwiro la loop ndi nthawi yofunikira nthawi zonse zimayenera kusinthidwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu komanso zofunikira pakukonza zida zamakina. Nthawi zambiri, kupindula kwa liwiro la liwiro kumatha kukhazikitsidwa pang'ono kuposa kwa semi-closed-loop system kuti muwongolere liwiro la machitidwe.
(3) Zosefera zosefera: Dongosolo lotsekeka kwathunthu limamva phokoso lachidziwitso cha mayankho, kotero magawo oyenera a fyuluta amayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti asasefe phokoso. Mtundu ndi kusankha kwa parameter kwa fyuluta kuyenera kusinthidwa molingana ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito.
Semi-closed-loop servo system
Machitidwe ena a CNC servo amagwiritsa ntchito zida zotsekedwa-loop. Mukakonza semi-closed-loop servo system, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti semi-closed-loop system sikuyenda. Popeza dongosolo la servo lotsekedwa kwathunthu limapanga kusintha kwa parameter poganiza kuti dongosolo lake lapakati-lotsekedwa ndi lokhazikika, awiriwa ali ofanana ndi njira zosinthira.
Dongosolo la semi-otsekeka-loop servo mosadukiza limapereka chidziwitso cha malo a chida cha makina pozindikira mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena liwiro la mota. Pokonza ma parameters, zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kutsatiridwa:
(1) Magawo a loop yothamanga: Zokonda pa liwiro la loop ndi kukhazikika kwa nthawi zonse zimakhudza kwambiri kukhazikika ndi kuyankha kwadongosolo. Kuthamanga kwambiri kwa loop kumabweretsa kuyankha mwachangu kwambiri ndipo kumakonda kupanga oscillation; pomwe nthawi yayitali kwambiri yokhazikika imachedwetsa kuyankha kwadongosolo ndikukhudza magwiridwe antchito.
(2) Malo ozungulira magawo: Kusintha kwa kupindula kwa malo ozungulira ndi magawo a fyuluta kungapangitse kulondola kwa malo ndi kukhazikika kwa dongosolo. Kupeza malo okwera kwambiri kungayambitse kugwedezeka, ndipo fyulutayo imatha kusefa phokoso lapamwamba kwambiri pamawunidwe oyankha ndikuwongolera kukhazikika kwadongosolo.
Makina a servo otsekedwa kwathunthu
Dongosolo la servo lotsekedwa kwathunthu limazindikira kuwongolera kolondola kwa malo pozindikira mwachindunji malo enieni a chida cha makina. Pokonza dongosolo la servo lotsekedwa kwathunthu, magawo ayenera kusankhidwa mosamala kwambiri kuti atsimikizire kukhazikika ndi kulondola kwa dongosolo.
Kusintha kwa magawo a servo yotsekedwa kwathunthu kumaphatikizapo izi:
(1) Kupindula kwa malo ozungulira: Mofanana ndi makina otsekedwa-loop, kupindula kwakukulu kwa malo ozungulira kumapangitsa kuti mukhale oscillation. Komabe, popeza dongosolo lotsekedwa kwathunthu limazindikira zolakwika za malo molondola, kupindula kwa malo ozungulira kungakhazikitsidwe kwambiri kuti kukhale kolondola kwa dongosolo.
(2) Magawo othamanga a loop: Zokonda pakupeza liwiro la loop ndi nthawi yofunikira nthawi zonse zimayenera kusinthidwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu komanso zofunikira pakukonza zida zamakina. Nthawi zambiri, kupindula kwa liwiro la liwiro kumatha kukhazikitsidwa pang'ono kuposa kwa semi-closed-loop system kuti muwongolere liwiro la machitidwe.
(3) Zosefera zosefera: Dongosolo lotsekeka kwathunthu limamva phokoso lachidziwitso cha mayankho, kotero magawo oyenera a fyuluta amayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti asasefe phokoso. Mtundu ndi kusankha kwa parameter kwa fyuluta kuyenera kusinthidwa molingana ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito.
III. Kutengera ntchito yopondereza kwambiri
Zokambirana zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi za njira yokwaniritsira magawo otsika pang'ono oscillation. Nthawi zina, makina a CNC a zida zamakina a CNC amatulutsa zidziwitso zomwe zimakhala ndi ma harmonics othamanga kwambiri chifukwa cha zifukwa zina za oscillation mu gawo lamakina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti torque ikhale yosakhazikika ndipo motero imatulutsa kugwedezeka. Pazomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi kwambiri, ulalo wa kusefa kwapang'onopang'ono koyambirira ukhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku lupu lothamanga, lomwe ndi fyuluta ya torque.
Zosefera za torque zimatha kusefa bwino ma harmonics apamwamba kwambiri pamawunidwe oyankha, kupangitsa kuti torque ikhale yokhazikika ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka. Posankha magawo a torque fyuluta, zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kuganiziridwa:
(1) Mafupipafupi odulidwa: Mafupipafupi a cutoff amatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa fyuluta ku ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri. Mafupipafupi otsika kwambiri amakhudza kuthamanga kwa makina, pomwe ma frequency okwera kwambiri sangathe kusefa bwino ma harmonics apamwamba kwambiri.
(2) Zosefera zamtundu: Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya fyuluta imaphatikizapo fyuluta ya Butterworth, fyuluta ya Chebyshev, ndi zina zotero. Zosefera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana oyankha pafupipafupi ndipo zimafunika kusankhidwa molingana ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.
(3) Zosefera: Kukwera kwa dongosolo la fyuluta, kumapangitsanso kuchepetsedwa kwa ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo, kumawonjezeranso kulemedwa kwadongosolo. Posankha dongosolo la zosefera, magwiridwe antchito ndi zida zowerengera za dongosololi ziyenera kuganiziridwa mozama.
Zokambirana zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi za njira yokwaniritsira magawo otsika pang'ono oscillation. Nthawi zina, makina a CNC a zida zamakina a CNC amatulutsa zidziwitso zomwe zimakhala ndi ma harmonics othamanga kwambiri chifukwa cha zifukwa zina za oscillation mu gawo lamakina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti torque ikhale yosakhazikika ndipo motero imatulutsa kugwedezeka. Pazomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi kwambiri, ulalo wa kusefa kwapang'onopang'ono koyambirira ukhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku lupu lothamanga, lomwe ndi fyuluta ya torque.
Zosefera za torque zimatha kusefa bwino ma harmonics apamwamba kwambiri pamawunidwe oyankha, kupangitsa kuti torque ikhale yokhazikika ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka. Posankha magawo a torque fyuluta, zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kuganiziridwa:
(1) Mafupipafupi odulidwa: Mafupipafupi a cutoff amatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa fyuluta ku ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri. Mafupipafupi otsika kwambiri amakhudza kuthamanga kwa makina, pomwe ma frequency okwera kwambiri sangathe kusefa bwino ma harmonics apamwamba kwambiri.
(2) Zosefera zamtundu: Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya fyuluta imaphatikizapo fyuluta ya Butterworth, fyuluta ya Chebyshev, ndi zina zotero. Zosefera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana oyankha pafupipafupi ndipo zimafunika kusankhidwa molingana ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.
(3) Zosefera: Kukwera kwa dongosolo la fyuluta, kumapangitsanso kuchepetsedwa kwa ma siginecha apamwamba kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo, kumawonjezeranso kulemedwa kwadongosolo. Posankha dongosolo la zosefera, magwiridwe antchito ndi zida zowerengera za dongosololi ziyenera kuganiziridwa mozama.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuti mupitilize kuthetsa kugwedezeka kwa zida zamakina a CNC, njira zotsatirazi zitha kuchitidwanso:
Konzani dongosolo lamakina
Yang'anani mbali zamakina zamakina, monga njanji zowongolera, zomangira zotsogola, mayendedwe, ndi zina zambiri, kuti muwonetsetse kuti kuyika kwawo kulondola komanso chilolezo choyenerera kumakwaniritsa zofunika. Pazigawo zakale kwambiri, zisintheni kapena zikonzeni munthawi yake. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sinthani zotsutsana ndi kulemera kwa makina kuti muchepetse kugwedezeka kwa makina.
Kupititsa patsogolo luso loletsa kusokoneza dongosolo lolamulira
Dongosolo loyang'anira zida zamakina a CNC limakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi kusokoneza kwakunja, monga kusokoneza kwamagetsi, kusinthasintha kwamphamvu, ndi zina zambiri.
(1) Tengani zingwe zotetezedwa ndi njira zoyatsira kuti muchepetse kusokoneza kwa ma elekitiroma.
(2) Ikani zosefera mphamvu kuti mukhazikike mphamvu yamagetsi.
(3) Konzani algorithm yamapulogalamu adongosolo lowongolera kuti mupititse patsogolo machitidwe odana ndi kusokoneza dongosolo.
Kusamalira ndi kusamalira nthawi zonse
Nthawi zonse muzikonza ndi kusamalira zida zamakina a CNC, yeretsani magawo osiyanasiyana a chida cha makina, fufuzani momwe makina amagwirira ntchito ndi makina oziziritsa, ndikusintha zida zakale ndi mafuta opaka munthawi yake. Izi zitha kuonetsetsa kuti chida cha makina chikugwira ntchito mokhazikika komanso kuchepetsa kuchitika kwa oscillation.
Konzani dongosolo lamakina
Yang'anani mbali zamakina zamakina, monga njanji zowongolera, zomangira zotsogola, mayendedwe, ndi zina zambiri, kuti muwonetsetse kuti kuyika kwawo kulondola komanso chilolezo choyenerera kumakwaniritsa zofunika. Pazigawo zakale kwambiri, zisintheni kapena zikonzeni munthawi yake. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sinthani zotsutsana ndi kulemera kwa makina kuti muchepetse kugwedezeka kwa makina.
Kupititsa patsogolo luso loletsa kusokoneza dongosolo lolamulira
Dongosolo loyang'anira zida zamakina a CNC limakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi kusokoneza kwakunja, monga kusokoneza kwamagetsi, kusinthasintha kwamphamvu, ndi zina zambiri.
(1) Tengani zingwe zotetezedwa ndi njira zoyatsira kuti muchepetse kusokoneza kwa ma elekitiroma.
(2) Ikani zosefera mphamvu kuti mukhazikike mphamvu yamagetsi.
(3) Konzani algorithm yamapulogalamu adongosolo lowongolera kuti mupititse patsogolo machitidwe odana ndi kusokoneza dongosolo.
Kusamalira ndi kusamalira nthawi zonse
Nthawi zonse muzikonza ndi kusamalira zida zamakina a CNC, yeretsani magawo osiyanasiyana a chida cha makina, fufuzani momwe makina amagwirira ntchito ndi makina oziziritsa, ndikusintha zida zakale ndi mafuta opaka munthawi yake. Izi zitha kuonetsetsa kuti chida cha makina chikugwira ntchito mokhazikika komanso kuchepetsa kuchitika kwa oscillation.
Pomaliza, kuthetsa kugwedezeka kwa zida zamakina a CNC kumafuna kuganizira mozama zamakina ndi magetsi. Mwa kusintha moyenera magawo a dongosolo la servo, kugwiritsa ntchito kupondereza kwapang'onopang'ono, kukhathamiritsa kapangidwe ka makina, kuwongolera luso loletsa kusokoneza dongosolo lowongolera, komanso kukonza nthawi zonse ndikusamalira, kupezeka kwa oscillation kumatha kuchepetsedwa bwino ndipo kulondola kwa makina ndi kukhazikika kwa chida cha makina kumatha kusintha.