I. Mfundo Zazikulu ndi Zomwe Zimapangitsa Kukwera Mphero ndi Kugaya Mwachizolowezi mu Makina Opangira Mafuta a CNC
(A) Mfundo ndi Zisonkhezero Zogwirizana ndi Kukwera Mphero
Pa ndondomeko Machining wa CNC mphero makina, kukwera mphero ndi yeniyeni mphero njira. Pamene kasinthasintha malangizo a mbali kumene mphero wodula kukhudzana workpiece ndi chimodzimodzi monga chakudya malangizo workpiece, amatchedwa kukwera mphero. Njira yophera iyi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a makina a mphero, makamaka chilolezo pakati pa nati ndi screw. Pankhani ya mphero yokwera, popeza mphamvu ya mphero yopingasa idzasintha ndipo pali chilolezo pakati pa wononga ndi mtedza, izi zidzachititsa kuti worktable ndi wononga zisunthike kumanzere ndi kumanja. Kusuntha kwapang'onopang'ono kumeneku ndi vuto lofunika kwambiri lomwe limakumana ndi kukwera mphero, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda kwa worktable kukhala kosakhazikika. Kuwonongeka kwa chida chodulira chifukwa cha kayendedwe kosakhazikika kumeneku ndi koonekeratu ndipo n'kosavuta kuwononga mano a chida chodula.
Pa ndondomeko Machining wa CNC mphero makina, kukwera mphero ndi yeniyeni mphero njira. Pamene kasinthasintha malangizo a mbali kumene mphero wodula kukhudzana workpiece ndi chimodzimodzi monga chakudya malangizo workpiece, amatchedwa kukwera mphero. Njira yophera iyi imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a makina a mphero, makamaka chilolezo pakati pa nati ndi screw. Pankhani ya mphero yokwera, popeza mphamvu ya mphero yopingasa idzasintha ndipo pali chilolezo pakati pa wononga ndi mtedza, izi zidzachititsa kuti worktable ndi wononga zisunthike kumanzere ndi kumanja. Kusuntha kwapang'onopang'ono kumeneku ndi vuto lofunika kwambiri lomwe limakumana ndi kukwera mphero, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda kwa worktable kukhala kosakhazikika. Kuwonongeka kwa chida chodulira chifukwa cha kayendedwe kosakhazikika kumeneku ndi koonekeratu ndipo n'kosavuta kuwononga mano a chida chodula.
Komabe, mphero yokwera kukwera ilinso ndi ubwino wake wapadera. Mayendedwe a ofukula mphero chigawo mphamvu pa kukwera mphero ndi kukanikiza workpiece pa worktable. Pankhaniyi, kutsetsereka ndi kukangana pakati pa mano a chida chodulira ndi malo opangidwa ndi makina ndizochepa. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga makina. Choyamba, ndizopindulitsa kuchepetsa kuvala kwa mano a chida chodulira. Kuchepetsa kuvala kwa mano a chida chodulira kumatanthauza kuti moyo wautumiki wa chida chodulira ukhoza kukulitsidwa, kuchepetsa mtengo wa makina. Kachiwiri, mikangano yaying'ono iyi imatha kuchepetsa kuuma kwa ntchito. Kulimbitsa ntchito kumawonjezera kuuma kwa zinthu zogwirira ntchito, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi njira zopangira makina. Kuchepetsa kuuma kwa ntchito kumathandizira kuonetsetsa kuti makinawo ali abwino. Komanso, kukwera mphero kungathandizenso kuchepetsa roughness pamwamba, kupanga pamwamba pa workpiece machined yosalala, amene ndi opindulitsa kwambiri machining workpieces ndi zofunika mkulu pamwamba khalidwe.
Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphero yokwera kumakhala ndi malire ena. Pamene chilolezo pakati pa wononga ndi mtedza wa worktable akhoza kusinthidwa kuti zosakwana 0,03 mm, ubwino kukwera mphero akhoza kukhala bwino chifukwa vuto kuyenda akhoza bwino ankalamulira pa nthawi ino. Komanso, pamene mphero woonda ndi yaitali workpieces, kukwera mphero ndi bwino kusankha. Zogwirira ntchito zoonda komanso zazitali zimafunikira mikhalidwe yokhazikika pakupanga makina. The ofukula chigawo mphamvu ya kukwera mphero kumathandiza kukonza workpiece ndi kuchepetsa mavuto monga mapindikidwe pa ndondomeko Machining.
(B) Mfundo ndi Zisonkhezero Zogwirizana ndi Kugaya Mwachizolowezi
Kugaya wamba ndikosiyana ndi mphero yokwera. Pamene kasinthasintha malangizo a mbali kumene mphero wodula kukhudzana workpiece ndi wosiyana ndi chakudya 方向 wa workpiece, amatchedwa ochiritsira mphero. Pa mphero ochiritsira, malangizo ofukula mphero chigawo mphamvu ndi kukweza workpiece, zomwe zingachititse kutsetsereka mtunda pakati pa mano a kudula chida ndi machined pamwamba kuchulukirachulukira ndi kukangana kuwonjezeka. Kukangana kwakukulu kumeneku kudzabweretsa mavuto angapo, monga kuonjezera kuvala kwa chida chodulira ndikupangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yovuta kwambiri pamakina apamwamba kwambiri. Kuwumitsidwa kwa malo opangidwa ndi makina kumawonjezera kuuma kwapamtunda, kuchepetsa kulimba kwa zinthuzo, ndipo kungakhudze kulondola ndi kumtunda kwa njira zotsatsira makina.
Kugaya wamba ndikosiyana ndi mphero yokwera. Pamene kasinthasintha malangizo a mbali kumene mphero wodula kukhudzana workpiece ndi wosiyana ndi chakudya 方向 wa workpiece, amatchedwa ochiritsira mphero. Pa mphero ochiritsira, malangizo ofukula mphero chigawo mphamvu ndi kukweza workpiece, zomwe zingachititse kutsetsereka mtunda pakati pa mano a kudula chida ndi machined pamwamba kuchulukirachulukira ndi kukangana kuwonjezeka. Kukangana kwakukulu kumeneku kudzabweretsa mavuto angapo, monga kuonjezera kuvala kwa chida chodulira ndikupangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yovuta kwambiri pamakina apamwamba kwambiri. Kuwumitsidwa kwa malo opangidwa ndi makina kumawonjezera kuuma kwapamtunda, kuchepetsa kulimba kwa zinthuzo, ndipo kungakhudze kulondola ndi kumtunda kwa njira zotsatsira makina.
Komabe, mphero wamba imakhalanso ndi ubwino wake. Malangizo a yopingasa mphero chigawo mphamvu pa ochiritsira mphero ndi zotsutsana ndi chakudya kayendedwe malangizo workpiece. Khalidweli limathandiza kuti screw ndi nati zigwirizane molimba. Pankhaniyi, kuyenda kwa worktable kumakhala kokhazikika. Pamene mphero workpieces ndi kuuma osagwirizana monga castings ndi forgings, kumene pangakhale zikopa zolimba pamwamba ndi zinthu zina zovuta, kukhazikika kwa mphero ochiritsira kungachepetse kuvala kwa mano a kudula chida. Chifukwa popanga zida zotere, chida chodulira chimafunika kupirira mphamvu zazikulu zodulira komanso zovuta zodulira. Ngati kayendedwe ka worktable ndi wosakhazikika, izo kukulitsa kuwonongeka kwa kudula chida, ndi ochiritsira mphero akhoza kuthetsa vutoli kumlingo wakutiwakuti.
II. Kusanthula Mwatsatanetsatane za Makhalidwe a Kukwera Mphero ndi Kugaya Mwachizolowezi mu Makina Opangira Mafuta a CNC
(A) Kusanthula mozama za Makhalidwe a Kukwera Mphero
- Kusintha kwa Kudula Makulidwe ndi Njira Yodulira
Pa mphero yokwera, makulidwe odula a dzino lililonse la chida chodulira amawonetsa mayendedwe akuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku zazing'ono kupita zazikulu. Pamene dzino la chida chodulira limangolumikizana ndi workpiece, makulidwe odulira ndi ziro. Izi zikutanthauza kuti dzino la chida chodulira limadutsa pamtunda wodulidwa womwe watsala ndi dzino lapitalo la chida chodulira mu gawo loyambirira. Pokhapokha ngati dzino la chida chodulira likuyenda mtunda wina pamalo odulidwawo ndipo makulidwe odulira amafika pamtengo winawake, dzino la chida chodulira limayambadi kudula. Njira iyi yosinthira makulidwe odulira ndiyosiyana kwambiri ndi mphero wamba. Pansi pazikhalidwe zomwezo zodula, njira yapaderayi yoyambira kudula imakhala ndi zotsatira zofunikira pa kuvala kwa chida chodulira. Popeza dzino la chida chodulira limakhala ndi njira yotsetsereka musanayambe kudula, zotsatira za kudula kwa chida chodula ndizochepa, zomwe zimapindulitsa kuteteza chida chodula. - Kudula Njira ndi Zida Zovala
Poyerekeza ndi mphero wamba, njira imene mano a chida chodulira amayenda pa chogwirira ntchito pokwera mphero ndi yaifupi. Izi ndichifukwa choti njira yodulira yokwera mphero imapangitsa njira yolumikizirana pakati pa chida chodulira ndi chogwirira ntchito mwachindunji. Pazifukwa zotere, pansi pamikhalidwe yodula yomweyi, kuvala kwa chida chodulira mukamagwiritsa ntchito mphero yokwera kumakhala kochepa. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti mphero yokwera si yoyenera zida zonse zogwirira ntchito. Popeza mano a chida chodulira amayamba kudula kuchokera pamwamba pa workpiece nthawi iliyonse, ngati pali khungu lolimba pamwamba pa workpiece, monga zina zogwirira ntchito pambuyo poponyera kapena kupangira popanda mankhwala, kukwera mphero sikoyenera. Chifukwa kuuma kwa khungu lolimba ndilokwera kwambiri, kudzakhala ndi vuto lalikulu pa mano a chida chodulira, kufulumizitsa kuvala kwa chida chodulira, komanso kuwononga chida chodulira. - Kudula Deformation ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu
Avereji kudula makulidwe pa kukwera mphero ndi lalikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kudula deformation kukhala kochepa. Kudulira kwakung'ono kumatanthawuza kuti kupsinjika ndi kupsinjika kwa zinthu zogwirira ntchito panthawi yodulira kumakhala kofananira, kuchepetsa zovuta zamakina zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kupsinjika komweko. Pa nthawi yomweyi, poyerekeza ndi mphero wamba, mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphero yokwera imakhala yochepa. Izi ndichifukwa choti kugawa mphamvu yodulira pakati pa chida chodulira ndi chogwirira ntchito pakukwera mphero ndikoyenera, kuchepetsa kutayika kwamphamvu kosafunikira ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito. Pakupanga kwakukulu kapena m'malo opangira makina omwe ali ndi zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, chikhalidwe cha kukwera mphero chili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pazachuma.
(B) Kusanthula mozama za Makhalidwe a Kugaya Mwachidule
- Kukhazikika kwa Worktable Movement
Pa mphero ochiritsira, popeza malangizo a yopingasa kudula mphamvu ndi wodula mphero pa workpiece n'zosiyana ndi chakudya kayendedwe malangizo workpiece, wononga ndi mtedza wa worktable nthawi zonse kusunga mbali imodzi ya ulusi kukhudzana kwambiri. Makhalidwe amenewa amaonetsetsa bata wachibale wa kayendedwe ka worktable. Pa ndondomeko Machining, kuyenda khola worktable ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kuonetsetsa Machining olondola. Poyerekeza ndi mphero kukwera, pa mphero kukwera, popeza malangizo a yopingasa mphero mphamvu ndi chimodzimodzi ndi chakudya kayendedwe malangizo a workpiece, pamene mphamvu ndi mano a kudula chida pa workpiece ndi lalikulu, chifukwa kukhalapo kwa chilolezo pakati wononga ndi mtedza wa worktable, worktable adzasuntha mmwamba ndi pansi. Kusuntha kumeneku sikumangosokoneza kukhazikika kwa ndondomeko yodula, kumakhudza khalidwe la makina a workpiece, komanso kuwononga chida chodula kwambiri. Choncho, mu zochitika zina Machining ndi zofunika mkulu kwa Machining kulondola ndi zofunika okhwima chitetezo chida, kukhazikika mwayi wa mphero ochiritsira kumapangitsa kukhala kusankha koyenera. - Quality of Machined Surface
Pa mphero wamba, kukangana pakati pa mano a chida chodulira ndi workpiece kumakhala kwakukulu, komwe ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino la mphero wamba. Kukangana kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuti ntchito yowumitsa makina ikhale yowopsa kwambiri. Kuwumitsa ntchito kwa machaged pamwamba kumawonjezera kuuma kwa pamwamba, kuchepetsa kuuma kwa zinthuzo, ndipo kungakhudze kulondola ndi kumtunda kwa njira zopangira makina. Mwachitsanzo, ena workpiece Machining kuti amafuna wotsatira akupera kapena mkulu-mwatsatanetsatane msonkhano, ozizira-zolimba pamwamba pambuyo mphero ochiritsira angafunike njira zina mankhwala kuthetsa wosanjikiza ozizira-zolimba kukwaniritsa Machining zofunika. Komabe, nthawi zina, monga pamene pali chofunika kuti pamwamba kuuma workpiece kapena wotsatira Machining ndondomeko si tcheru pamwamba ozizira-zolimba wosanjikiza, khalidwe la ochiritsira mphero angagwiritsidwenso ntchito.
III. Njira Zosankhira Zokwera Mphero ndi Kugaya Mwachizolowezi mu Machining Enieni
Mu makina enieni CNC mphero Machining, kusankha kukwera mphero kapena ochiritsira mphero ayenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo bwinobwino. Choyamba, zinthu zakuthupi za workpiece ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Ngati kuuma kwa workpiece zakuthupi ndi mkulu ndipo pali khungu lolimba pamwamba, monga castings ena ndi forgings, mphero ochiritsira kungakhale bwino chifukwa mphero ochiritsira akhoza kuchepetsa kuvala kwa chida kudula kumlingo wakutiwakuti ndi kuonetsetsa bata la ndondomeko Machining. Komabe, ngati kuuma kwa workpiece zakuthupi ndi yunifolomu ndipo pali chofunika mkulu pamwamba khalidwe, monga Machining wa mwatsatanetsatane mbali makina, kukwera mphero ali ubwino zambiri. Ikhoza kuchepetsa kuuma kwapamwamba komanso kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa workpiece.
Mu makina enieni CNC mphero Machining, kusankha kukwera mphero kapena ochiritsira mphero ayenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo bwinobwino. Choyamba, zinthu zakuthupi za workpiece ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Ngati kuuma kwa workpiece zakuthupi ndi mkulu ndipo pali khungu lolimba pamwamba, monga castings ena ndi forgings, mphero ochiritsira kungakhale bwino chifukwa mphero ochiritsira akhoza kuchepetsa kuvala kwa chida kudula kumlingo wakutiwakuti ndi kuonetsetsa bata la ndondomeko Machining. Komabe, ngati kuuma kwa workpiece zakuthupi ndi yunifolomu ndipo pali chofunika mkulu pamwamba khalidwe, monga Machining wa mwatsatanetsatane mbali makina, kukwera mphero ali ubwino zambiri. Ikhoza kuchepetsa kuuma kwapamwamba komanso kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa workpiece.
Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa workpiece ndizofunikanso kulingalira. Kwa workpieces woonda ndi yaitali, kukwera mphero kumathandiza kuchepetsa mapindikidwe workpiece pa ndondomeko Machining chifukwa ofukula chigawo mphamvu ya kukwera mphero akhoza kukanikiza workpiece bwino pa worktable. Kwa zida zina zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta komanso kukula kwakukulu, ndikofunikira kuganizira mozama kukhazikika kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito komanso kuvala kwa chida chodulira. Ngati chofunika kukhazikika kwa kayendedwe ka worktable pa ndondomeko Machining ndi mkulu, ochiritsira mphero kungakhale koyenera kusankha; ngati chisamaliro chowonjezereka chikuperekedwa kuti kuchepetsa kuvala kwa chida chodulira ndikuwongolera makina opangira, ndipo pansi pamikhalidwe yomwe imakwaniritsa zofunikira za makina, kukwera mphero kungaganizidwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, magwiridwe antchito amakina a mphero okha adzakhudzanso kusankha mphero yokwera komanso mphero wamba. Ngati chilolezo pakati pa wononga ndi mtedza wa makina mphero akhoza molondola kusintha kwa mtengo waung'ono, monga zosakwana 0.03 mm, ndiye ubwino kukwera mphero akhoza bwino anapereka. Komabe, ngati makina olondola a makina opangira mphero ali ochepa ndipo vuto lachilolezo silingathe kuyendetsedwa bwino, mphero wamba ikhoza kukhala chisankho chotetezeka kwambiri kuti tipewe mavuto amtundu wa makina ndi kuwonongeka kwa chida chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka worktable. Pomaliza, mu CNC mphero makina Machining, yoyenera mphero njira kukwera mphero kapena ochiritsira mphero ayenera momveka anasankha malinga ndi zofunika Machining ndi zinthu zipangizo kukwaniritsa bwino Machining kwenikweni.